John Gotti Essay Example

John Gotti Essay John Gotti made some of the following statements and these will give you an indication of just whom he was and his mindset. I found some of them to be extremely humorous and in some black satiric comedic way to be true: â€Å"Always be nice to bankers. Always be nice to pension fund managers. Always be nice to the media. In that order. â€Å" â€Å"Dont carry a gun. It is nice to have them close by, but do not carry them. You might get arrested. â€Å" â€Å"I never lie because I dont fear anyone. You only lie when youre afraid. † â€Å"If you think your boss is stupid, remember: you wouldnt have a job if he was any smarter. The reader in this paper will discover why John Gotti was given more publicity than any other previous crime figure. I will discuss this theories developed by Sutherland, Merton and others and compare and contrast them regarding which would appropriately describe Gotti’s criminal development. John Joseph Gotti (October 27, 1940 June 10, 2002) was the Boss of the New York City Gambino crime family after the murder of the previous boss Paul Castellano. John Gotti was the most powerful crime boss during his era. He became widely known for his outspoken personality and flamboyant style that eventually caused his downfall. He was known by the media as The Dapper Don because he wore expensive clothes and The Teflon Don because the majority of attempts to convict him resulted in either a hung jury or an acquittal. In 1992, Gotti was convicted of 13 murders, conspiracy to commit murder, racketeering, obstruction of justice, illegal gambling, extortion, tax evasion, and loan sharking where he was sentenced to life in prison without parole. He died there 10 years later of cancer. We will write a custom essay sample on John Gotti specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on John Gotti specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on John Gotti specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Alcoholism 1 essays

Alcoholism 1 essays Alcohol is the intoxicating part of beer, wine and liquors-the part that causes drunkenness. It is formed during fermentation, the process that creates the alcohlolicbeverage. When sugars from the fruits or grains are combined with yeast and water, alcohol results. Alcohol is a drug and, like all drugs, it has an effect on a persons body and mind. Because drinking alcoholic beverages makes some people feel more alive and more outgoing, alcohol is sometimes seen as a stimulant. But in fact it is a depressant, and slows down the central nervous system, of which the brain is a part. Small amounts of alcohol can affect a persons coordination and judgment. Drinking a large amount of alcohol at one time can even cause death. Alcohol is estimated to be contributing factor in 20-30% of all accidents. In fatal car accidents involving young men after 10pm it is a contributory factor in 60% of these cases. About 30% of all drowning are estimated to be alcohol related. This proportion may rise to 50% between the ages 20-30. Alcohol is also a poisonous. It must be broken down and removed from the body. However, it leaves behind toxins, or poisons, that can cause health problems and contribute to serious diseases. Beer contains the least amount of alcohol, about 3-6%. Wine is 8-14 percent alcohol. Distilled spirits have a much higher alcoholic content. The alcoholic content of gin, scotch, vodka, whiskey, rum, and bourbon is about 40%. When alcohol enters the body this is what happens. Within 20 minutes of entering the stomach, as much as 20% of the alcohol in a drink is absorbed into the bloodstream. The rest remains in the stomach where it stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. Large amount s of alcohol entering an empty stomach can irritate the gastric lining and cause the stomach to become inflamed. From the stomach, the alcohol passes into the small intestine. Here the rest of it is absorbed through the in...

A research on an asset Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A research on an asset - Case Study Example Since 1961, however, banks have issued negotiable CDs. They now are traded actively in a secondary money market. Corporations can raise funds by issuing stock or selling bonds. Business equities are shares of ownership, such as stock that corporations issue. Owners of equities are residual claimants on the income and the net worth of a corporation. The equity holders of a company are paid after all the debts of a company is paid. The significant characteristic of equities is the variation of returns with the profitability of the company. An investor can become the owner of a corporation by purchasing the equity. The edge of bonds on equity is that if the company goes bankrupt the bond holder will be paid before shareholder on the other hand the profitability of the company doesnt benefit much to the bond holder as a bond holder will only get principal plus interest. Hence the ownership of bonds involves low risk as compare to the ownership of stocks, but this comes at the cost of a lower return. Corporate bonds: Corporations can raise funds by issuing corporate bonds. A Corporate Bond is a long term instrument yielding interest twice each year until the date of maturity. Convertible bonds can be converted into equity shares before the maturity. The corporations offer the convertibility feature with the bonds in order to attract investors. Another feature which increases the attractiveness of bonds is their degree of liquidity which they provide the investors as compare to the equities. The higher liquidity of bonds is due to their trading in the secondary markets. In order to encourage the secondary market trading the Corporations must maintain higher credit ratings. Bonds reduce the short term volatility of the stock market. The perception that the stocks yield higher returns as compare to bonds is true for the period of 10 years or more. Bonds are suitable for the investors who cannot bear the volatile

Infantilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Infantilization - Essay Example This was an act of extending the legacy that was set by the Sykes-Picot treaty whose main intention was allowing them to govern the Muslim nations from far (Russo, 2013). However, this move did not go well for both Obama and Cameron as their nations as well as other world leaders such as Russia outright rejected their intentions; consequently, the west still is in dilemma on what best to do with the case in Syria. The geographical regions of the Persian, Arab and Turkish world that were set in 1917 have little resemblance with the current situation. The collapse of Ottoman Turks 400-year rule left an impoverished and backward Egypt, Arabia and Syria in which the current Palestine was a Syrian province. In contrast, the Arab nations are draining the western world coffers with the sale of millions of oil barrels. This has given them an economic capability to purchase the most advanced weaponry that rivals that in the western countries, and this has made these nations from the era of th e Sykes-Picot treaty to be military upright. Consequently, it is not clear why the Arab nations cannot make use of these arms to topple the tyrannical and homicidal leader like Assad. This shows clearly that the western nations have over-extended their patronage to the level of moral infantilization. If indeed the photos of the gassed children were something concrete to go by, the same reaction would have been elicited in Cairo, Riyadh or Istanbul. The silence of the leaders in the Muslim world indicates differing approach to world conflicts, and the same has been echoed by Chinese and Russian nations when they advocated complacency in dealing with the Syrian allegations (Russo, 2013). The use of Tomahawk missiles would bring solution to a government under the threat of being toppled by rebel groups. It will only make the problem worse for a war ravaged and decimated country. The western countries should allow the Arab nations to speak and solve their problems independently as no mi litary intervention can address these issues. The whine of cruise missiles should not be used as a precautionary tactic by the west as this creates the need for the Arab worlds to arm themselves in readiness for retaliatory attacks. To overcome these tribulations, the Arab world has to develop a loud moral voice to silence the western nations, and in this way, they will be in charge of their destiny while achieving peaceful resolutions. After the death of Kim Jong II’s the western media displayed footages of people crying, which in a way was meant to be negative publicity since it was possible to show people praising his leadership. Thus showing the North Korea populace in emotional distress was just meant to further the infantilization of the nation. This has created a situation where the current regime appeals are to emotions of already infantilized people. This culture has helped North Korea to weather down the economic crisis and to improve the loyalty of its citizen (Kiv ima?ki, 2012). The North Korea media recently released stamps commemorating Kim Jong II former North Korean leader who would have turned 72 if he were still alive. The stamps showing the deceased leaders as a child indicated stern and creepy motives, and this move was part of a larger plan to continue infantilizing Kim after his death in the late 2011. In the same light, the state media has continued to play Kim’

Assignment about two questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About two questions - Assignment Example s source code integrity must be maintained, there should be no discrimination of any kind to anyone using the software, the software must be distributed with distribution licence, the license must not be tied to a specific product, and finally, the licence must be technology – neutral. Sme of the vailabel open source software include Apache HTTP server, GNOME desktop Environment, GIMP image Editor, Firefox we browser, Android smartphone operating system, MYSQL database, PHP among others. Most of open source software are reliable. The reliability of open source software is due to the fact that all open source software are peer reviewed. This has made open source software to be to be more reliable and robust even in the most stringent conditions. The use of most open source software is safe. Once the initial source code of a particular software has been, the community of open source developers take up the project to review and correct any available bugs. This removes all security holes thus making the software more secure. Also, in cases where a security vulnerability has been identified, it’s quickly fixed by the open source community. Most of the open source software are released free of charge. The only costs that may be incurred include the customization costs and maybe the downloading costs. This makes the acquiring and the use of open source cheaper as compared to closed source software software. The availability of open source software makes it easy for one to evaluate the software. For instance, it can be assessed to determine if it has the expected requirement. For instance, just by evaluating the source code, one is able to determine if the software is secure or it has security holes. Open source software are being faced by overall disadvantage. Most of the open source software are not straightforward to use. Tis attributed to the fact that the developers of the system give less attention in the development of user interface. Nowadays, most

Depictions of Paranoia in Art Exhibitions

Depictions of Paranoia in Art Exhibitions An essay relating a text from Art in Theory (ed. Harrison and Wood) to a current exhibition or work of art located in United Kingdom In this essay I will look at a selection of art from the exhibition entitled â€Å"Paranoia† situated at the Freud Museum. The exhibition is intended as an investigation of â€Å"suspicion, fear, trauma and delusion in the post 9/11 world† and investigates the abuses of political power and the media in generating a public consensus of good and evil in the world. In particular, I will look at the work of Franko B., a London based artist who uses paintings and performance to challenge perceptions of our bodies and of how the political relates to the artistic and the individual. In this exhibition there are exhibits of a couple of his black acrylic paintings. These paintings are heavily wrought, naively painted and concerned with depth and texture rather than with notions of prettiness. Because they eschew certain relationships between what comprises art, and are coupled with Franko B’s place as a performance artist, whose blood-letting performances in 2003 at Tate Modern, they challenge the aestheticism and the inability for the artist to be a politically relevant individual. A number of video installations also attempt to directly politicise art in crude rather than subtle ways. Jackie Salloom’s Planet of the Arabs and other works is a 20 minute video that pieces together stills from films, magazines, newspapers, television and advertising media, and functions to expose how myths and prejudices are developed and disseminated across society. Because I am interested in the political effects of art, and whether art can be established effectively as a critiquing tool to place against society, I will be looking in particular at how this exhibition relates to Joseph Buoys theories on the democratization of art, and upon whether performance based â€Å"Action Art† by artists such as Franko B. can effectively empower the individual, making him or her an artist him or herself. The 1960s signalled a movement away from the perception of the artist as a unique purveyor of singular genius towards a more inclusive, incorporative process that questioned the underlying mechanisms and mythologies of artistry. Andy Warhol in particular sought to fabricate the notion of the artist as a Promethean character; a sort-of demented idiot-savant, whose suffering brought light upon the world, by questioning the very foundations of the artist. Warhol’s techniques were designed to automate and remove any particular response from the art. Similar to the collage techniques of the futurists, the pop art movement could be seen as both an attempt to contemporize art and furthermore to erode or, at the very least, to change the perception of the artist and how he or she relates to the world around him. Politically this has important connotations. Because of Warhol’s techniques towards the mass dissemination of art and of factory produced Warhol pieces of art, the arti st is no longer seen as objective and singular, and the â€Å"truth† offered by the artist is no longer situated above society, but alongside it. Politically, this means that the sweeping and grandiose ideologies signified by futurism, cubism, surrealism and other modernist movements no longer have the same currency. Therefore, politics have changed and art has become a fusion of high and low forms of entertainment and politics. The video installation and performance-based art that looks to remanufacture the artifice of the artistic self is innately political in Joseph Beuy’s terminology because it seeks to confront and democratize the artistic world, making artists of everybody that interacts with it. â€Å"To impose forms on the world around us is the beginning of a process that continues into the political field. Discussion used to centre on the participation of the public and it became apparent that actionism as a sort of joint play was not enough; the participant must also have something to contribute from the resources of his own thought† (905). Therefore, in accordance with Buoys, the political field of art is in its struggle to empower and to transform others into artists. Buoys’ theory posits that, while there are people excluded from art, there can be no democracy. Thus, rather than art being a peripheral critique of society and politics, it forms a principle component of art i tself. He continues by saying that â€Å"A total work of art is only possible in the context of the whole of society. Everyone will be a necessary co-creator of a social architecture, and, so long as anyone cannot participate, the ideal form of democracy has not been reached† (905). At the exhibition, techniques are adopted which serve to democratize art. Two books are present in the museum in which people draw things related to their dreams. Also, in a more abstract way, much of the art leaves gaps and ambiguities into which the artist can place his or her engagements. The use of video footage and stills from mass market publications in Salloom’s Planet of the Arabs suggests that the artist is attempting to democratize the art in question. The intentionally crude collage nature of the work which juxtaposes images sharply, quickly and crudely also serves to denounce the role of the artist as talented, serving instead to perceive the artist as a facilitator to bring abo ut other artists. The use of footage that we are all familiar with; war torn countries, bombings, newspaper images and other forms of mass media serves to invoke a sense of feeling in the viewer, and the satirized nature of the piece helps the viewer confront one’s own prejudices, which in turn empowers the viewer and helps to denounce the controlling mechanisms of mass-media. â€Å"Truth† and the specific role of artist are further interrogated by the artist Tim Blake and his piece The Big Secret. This simply features an interview with the prominent conspiracy theorist David Icke. Although widely denounced in scientific communities for his â€Å"crackpot† theories, here David Icke is allowed to speak in an unmediated way about his theory that extraterrestrial insects control and govern the planet. Here Tim Blake attempts to provoke the viewer into a reaction by filming Icke in an unelaborated way. In the accompanying pamphlet, he uses a quotation from Freud: â€Å"The psycho-analyst, in the light of his knowledge of the psychoneuroses, approaches the subject with a suspicion that even thought-structures so extraordinary as these and so remote from our common modes of thinking are nevertheless derived from the most general and comprehensible impulses of the human mind† (1). Thus, here there is an attempt made to democratize humanity a nd to assume that all emerges from a general principle. Coupled with the absence of any particularly artist-like pretensions in the film, the question of artist is interrogated and jeopardised, allowing for democracy, in Buoys’ sense, to occur: â€Å"In a true democracy there are no other differences than capability; democracy can only develop freely when all restrictive mechanisms are gone. One of the greatest of these restrictive mechanisms is the present-day school, because it does not develop people but channels them† (905-6). In Franko B’s retrospective of his art, he posited that the best reaction to his work would be for somebody to mention themselves in relation to it. His work has always attempted to denigrate his own position as technical artist in favour of more openly politicised attempts to democratize his viewers. His work in multiple medias over the years, from performance art involving blood letting to mass-produced flags that he would stain with his own blood, to more â€Å"traditional† painting, suggests that he is attempting to transform the image of the artist and how it is conceived by the masses. As most people feel politically isolated from art, it is of especial importance that the artist relates to people outside of the artistic world. Franko B’s crude and naà ¯ve painting, his simple iconography, and his lacerating, self-sacrificing performance pieces attempts to achieve this by making his work both accessible and vague simultaneously. His massive black portraits echo Rothko in their minimalism, but are concerned with iconic and image based themes that Franko B. takes from his own life. Because these pieces don’t use any colour other than black, they appear more concerned about depth and line. Also, because they are made from blown up photographs, they also deny singular artistic talent in favour of a more inciting, democratic painterly technique. Buoys argues that â€Å"The times educate people to think in terms of abstract concepts†¦ most people think they have to comprehend art in intellectual terms – in many people the organs of sensory and emotional experience have atrophied† (905). Buoys attacks what he sees as â€Å"the prevailing scientific concepts†, which constrain and hamper the development of artistic imagination. According to Buoys, the concept of art must be widened to incorporate all things. The use of multimedia and various sources fragment the traditional role of artist as a singular paradigm of a truth that cannot be interacted with. Also, the conception of mass-produced art, which can be disseminated through video also serves a similar purpose – to allow for a larger audience to be incorporated into art, not as passive but as active components. The crudity of the art on offer at the museum, which directly and unambiguously interrogates the role mass media has to play in the f ormation of mechanisms of racial hate, terrorism and power, echoes the sentiments of Joseph Buoys. Works Cited Leaflet for Paranoia at the Freud Museum, 2007 Beuys, Joseph (1921-1986) ‘Not Just a Few Are Called, But Everyone’, Art in Theory, pp 903-6 Harrison, Charles Wood, Paul (2003), Art in Theory: 1900-2000: An Anthology of Changing Ideas, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers

The Connection between Writing and Technology :: Teaching Writing Education

The Connection between Writing and Technology There are times when an idea pops into your head and immediately you need to write it down or lose the thought forever. What is the first thing you grab? Probably a pen or pencil and then a piece of paper, or even the nearest keyboard. These technologies are so common, we don't even give them a second thought; they are just there. With almost every household owning a computer we even tend to take them for granted. Now imagine these writing technologies didn't exist and that Henry Thoreau's father didn't perfect the pencil, what would you grab then? This is what I set out to do; find a writing technology that isn't common today. At first, I thought about what our ancestors would have used and depending on how far back we go, this can range from a quill and ink to carving on stone. Looking around my house though, these things weren't easy to find. So, I searched thru the yard looking for anything that might resemble paper. I kept coming back to the leaves hanging on the catalpa tree. I first decided this had to be my paper. It was the closest thing to being flat and the leaves were large enough for my text. For my pen I tried many different tools. First, the obvious, I could use a stick. Then I decided to cut some of the needles off my pine tree and use them. With these I twisted them tight and then tied them with Cattail reeds from the pond. Just from the looks alone, I knew this had to be my pen. My ink was a challenge though. First, I tried to burn the tip of the "pen" in order to produce ash. I figured this would be easy and would work in the same manner as a pencil. After much burning, my porch smelled like a pine forest, but little ash was being produced. This led to another search of the yard and the discovery of my ink. I had found some wild grapes and knew this would be an easy substitute for ink. Once the grapes were crushed and the neighbor's questions answered, I preceded with my new technology experiment. By burning the tip of my "pen" I had formed a perfect point to write with. This was out of pure accident, but none the less a stroke of luck.

Chemistry in Daily Life Essay

1.You feel hungry because of the satiety center in your brain falls short of particular hormones to function and then sends the signal of hunger. 2.You fall in love, get attracted and have a feeling of belonging because of certain monoamines present in your brain which get stimulated through nerve sensors. 3.If you have wondered, why is the sky blue, it is due to a phenomenon called the â€Å"Rayleigh scattering†, which depends on scattering of light through particles which are much smaller than the wavelength. Hence when light passes through gases, there is scattering and the sky appears blue. 4.Coffee keeps you awake because of the presence of a chemical called adenosine, in your brain. It binds to certain receptors and slows the nerve cell activity when sleep is signaled. 5.Anaerobic fermentation is also a great concept which is present in the chemistry of everyday life. It is present in yogurt, breads, cakes and many other baking products. It is the multiplication of certain useful bacteria which increase the size of the food and make it more filling and soft. 6.Soap is formed by molecules with a â€Å"head† which likes water (hydrophilic) and a long chain which hates it (hydrophobic). 7.Lactose is the main complex sugar found in the milk. It’s a pretty big compound formed by two smaller components: glucose and galactose. Such a big compound cannot get through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream, so we need â€Å"something† to break it into smaller pieces. This â€Å"something† is an enzime named lactase. The more milk and milk products we consume, the more lactase we need. 8.The iodised salt is a necessary intake. It prevents a disease called goitre. 9.In the garden we use sprays to kill insects from attacking our plants. 10.Vermiwash is a liquid fertilizer. It isused as a leaf spray.

Water Pollution in China Essay Example

Water Pollution in China Essay Example Water Pollution in China Paper Water Pollution in China Paper 111 paper mills and 413 other industrial plants on the river were shut down. In the village of Humidifying?where a once-clear stream is now greenish black from factory wastes?cancer accounted for 11 of the 1 7 deaths in 2003. Both the river and well water in the village?the main source of drinking water?have an acrid smell and taste produced by pollutants dumped upstream by tanneries, paper mills, a huge MS plant, and other factories. Cancer had been rare when the stream was clear. Attenuate is town six kilometers northwest of Asian that still uses an ancient system of moats to irrigate its crops. The moats unfortunately dont drain so well and are now badly contaminated by household discharges and industrial waste. Visitors to the town are often overwhelmed by the rotten egg smell and feel faint after five minutes of breathing in the air. Vegetables produced in the fields are discovered and sometimes black. Residents suffer from abnormally high cancer rates. One third of peasants in the village Bedaub are mentally ill or seriously ill. Women report high numbers of miscarriages and many people die in middle age. The culprit is believed to be drinking water drawn from the Yellow River downstream from a fertilizer plant. The waters around Tuition in Sneezing, the home of Highs Pharmaceutical, one of Chinas largest drug makers, are so contaminated with sludge and chemicals that fishermen complain their hands and legs become ulcerated, and in extreme cases need amputation. Studies have show that people who live around the city have high cancer and birth defect rates. Polluted Yanking, pearl and Yellow Rivers Chinas three great rivers?the Yanking, Pearl and Yellow River?are so filthy that it is dangerous to swim or eat fish caught in them. Parts of the Pearl River in Guanos are so thick, dark and soupy it looks like one could walk across t. In recent years pollution has become a problem on the Yellow River. By one count 4,000 of Chinas 20,000 petrochemical factories are on the Yellow River and a third of all fish species found in the Yellow River have become extinct because of dams, falling water levels, pollution and over fishing. More than 80 percent of the Hay-Huh Yellow river basin is chronically polluted. In October 2006, a one kilometer section of the Yellow River turned red in the city of Languor in Gangs Province as result of a red and smell)/ discharge from a Sewage pipe. In December 2005, six tons of diesel Oil leaked into a arbitrary of the Yellow River from a pipe that cracked because of freezing conditions. It produced a 40 mile long slick. Sixty-three water pumps had to be shut down, including some in Jinn, the capital of Sandhog Province. The Yanking River is polluted with 40 million tons of industrial and sewage waste. Half of Chinas 20,000 petrochemical factories lie on its banks. About 40 percent of all waste water produced in China?about 25 billion tons?flows into the Yanking, of which only about 20 percent is treated beforehand. The pollution has taken its toll on aquatic life. Fish catches from the river declined room 427,000 tons in the 1 sass to 100,000 tons in the sass. The Yanking is in danger of becoming a dead river unable to sustain marine life or providing drinking water. According to report by the Chinese Academy of Sciences released in April 2007 the Yanking is seriously and largely irreversibly polluted. More than 600 kilometers of its length and almost 30 percent of its major tributaries are in critical condition. Sections of the Grand Canal that have water deep enough to accommodate boats are often filled with trash sewage and oil slicks. Chemical waste and fertilizer and pesticide run-off empties into the canal. The water is mostly brownish green. People who drink it often get diarrhea and break out in rashes. Polluted Lakes, Canals and Coastal Areas in China Dead fish in Hangout pond Studies have showed that the quality of coastal waters are deteriorating quickly as a result of land-based pollution. The study found that 8. 3 billion tons of sewage was released in Gudgeon Provinces coastal waters in 2006, 60 percent more than five years earlier. Altogether 12. Million tons Of polluted material was dumped in waters Off the southern province. Some lakes are in equally bad shape. Chinas great lakes?the ATA, Chaos and Danish?have water that is rated Grade V, the most degraded level. It is unfit for drinking or for agricultural or industrial use. Describing Chinas fifth- biggest lake a Wall Street Journal reporter wrote: The slow, hot days of summer are here, and sun-fed algae is starting to clot the milky surface of Chao s Lake. Soon a living scum will carpet a patch the size of New York City. It will quickly blacken and rot The smell is so terrible you can not describe it. Canals, See Change, Places Apple Accused of Making a River Runs Black In March 2012, Peter Smith wrote in The Times, Beyond the brick cottages of Tonguing runs Lou Ixia Bang, once the soul of the farming village and a river where, until the digital revolution, children swam and mothers washed rice. Today it flows black: a chemical mess heavy with the stench of Chinas high- tech industry ? the hidden companion of the worlds most famous electronics brands and a reason the world gets its gadgets on the cheap. Source: Peter Smith, The Times, March 9, 2012] The article then goes on to describe how the town of Tonguing Was being affected by chemical Waste from local factories that, as well as turning the river black, has caused a phenomenal increase in cancer rates in Tonguing (according to research by five Chinese non-governmental organizations). The factories have grown up in the last few years and make circuit boards, touch screens and the casings of smartness, laptops and tablet computers. As usual in these cases, Apple was mentioned although the evidence appears to be a little sketchy as to whether these factories are actually players in the Apple supply chain. [Source: Speedometer UK/Europe blob] Smith wrote in the Times: Workers at the Cedar factory, five meters from a kindergarten where children have implanted of dizziness and nausea, have secretly confirmed that products had left the factory bearing the Apple trademark. Red Tides, Salt Tides and Algae Bloom in China Algae blooms, or transportation, in lakes are caused by too much nutrients in the water. They turn lakes green and suffocate fish by depleting the oxygen. They are often caused by human and animal waste and run off of chemical fertilizers. Similar conditions create red tides in the sea. The government estimates that $240 million worth of damage and economic loses was caused by 45 major red tides between 1997 and 1999. Describing a red tide near the own of Tomato that left the seas blanketed with dead fish and fishermen badly in debt, a fisherman told the Los Angels Times, The sea turned dark, like tea. If you talk to the fishermen around here, theyll all break into tears. In some places the Chinese have tried to minimize the damage caused by algae blooms by pumping oxygen into the water and containing the blooms by adding clay which acts as a magnet for algae. A lack funds keeps China from tackling the problem using more conventional means. A severe drought in 2006, caused large amounts of seawater to flow upstream on the Gaining River in southern China. In Macaw salinity levels in the river jumped to almost three time above the World Health Organization standards. To combat the problem water was diverted into it from the Beijing River in Gudgeon. Water Bodies Struck by Algae Blooms in China Red tides have increased in their numbers and severity in coastal areas of China, particularly in Boohoo Bay off eastern China, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Large red tides have occurred around the Shannon Islands near Shanghai. In May and June 2004, two huge red tides, covering a total area size of 1. 3 million soccer fields, developed in Boohoo Bay. One occurred near the mouth of the Yellow River and affected an area of 1,850 square kilometers. Another struck near the port city of Tannin and covered nearly 3,200 square kilometers. It was blamed on the dumping of large amounts of waste water and sewage into the bay and rivers leading into the bay. In June 2007, coastal waters off the booming industrial town of Sheehan were hit by one the biggest ever red tides. It produced a 50 square kilometer slick and was caused by pollution and persisted because of a lack of rain. There were large algae blooms in freshwater lakes throughout China in 2007. Some were lamed on pollution. Others were blamed on drought. In Jungian Province the water level in one lake dropped to its lowest level in 50 years and became inundated with blue-green algae that produced smelly, undrinkable water. Lake ATA Pollution Lake ATA is often choked with industrial waste from factories producing paper, film and dyes, urban sewage and agricultural run-off. It sometimes is covered with green algae as a result of nitrogen and phosphate pollution. Locals complain of polluted irrigation water that causes their skin to peal, dyes that turn the water red and fumes that sting their eyes. Dams built for load control and irrigation have prevented Lake Taxis from flushing out pesticides and fertilizers that flow into it. Particularly damaging are phosphates which suck out life-sustaining oxygen. Starting in the sass a number of chemical factories were built on its shores. As of the late sass there were 2,800 chemical factories around the lake, some of which released their waste directly into the lake in the middle of the night to avoid detection. Lake ATA Algae Blooms Algae bloom in Lake ATA In the summer of 2007, large algae blooms covered parts of Lake ATA and Lake Chaos, Chinas third and fifth largest freshwater sakes, making the water undrinkable and producing a terrible stench. Two million of residents of Wax, who normally rely on water from the Lake ATA for drinking water, couldnt bathe or wash dishes and hoarded bottled water that rose in price from $1 a bottle to $6 a bottle. Some turned on their taps only to have sludge emerge. The bloom on Lake ATA lasted for six days until it was flushed out by rain and water diverted from the Yanking River. The bloom on Lake Chaos did not threaten water supplies. Reporting from Shouted, near Lake ATA, William Wan wrote in Washington Post, m/U smell the lake before oh see it, an overwhelming stench like rotten eggs mixed with manure. The visuals are just as bad, the shore caked with toxic blue-green algae. Farther out, where the algae is more diluted but equally fueled by pollution, it swirls with the currents, a vast network of green tendrils across the surface of ATA Lake. [Source: William Wan, Washington post, October 29, 2010] Such pollution problems are now widespread in China after three decades of unbridled economic growth. But whats surprising about ATA Lake is the money and attention thats been spent on the problem and how little either as accomplished. Some of the countrys highest-ranking leaders, including Premier Went Ojibwa, have declared it a national prior ity. Millions of dollars have been poured into the cleanup. And yet, the lake is still a mess. The water remains undrinkable, the fish nearly gone, the fetid smell lingering over villages. [Ibid] At ATA Lake, part of the problem is that the same industrial factories poisoning the water also transformed the region into an economic powerhouse. Shutting them down, local leaders say, would destroy the economy overnight. In fact, many Of the factories shut down during the 2007 scandal have since reopened under different names, environmentalists say. [Ibid] ATA Lake is the embodiment of Chinas losing fight against pollution. This summer, the government said that, despite stricter rules, pollution is rising again across the country in key categories such as emissions of sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain. Just months before, the government had revealed that water pollution was more than twice as severe as previous official figures had shown. [Ibid] The algae bloom on Lake ATA was caused by toxic contractible, commonly called pond scum. It turned much of the lake lordliest green and produced a terrible stench that could be smelled miles away from the lake. The Lake ATA bloom became a symbol of Chinas lack of environmental regulations. Afterwards a high-level meeting on the lakes future was convened, with Beijing closing down hundreds of chemical factories and promising to spend S 14. 4 billion to clean up the lake. Lake ATA Activist We Oiling a peasant who worked for a while as a salesman, had been trying to draw attention to the condition of Lake ATA for more than a decade. William Wan wrote in Washington Post, The story of ATA Lake is a story of high-level remises and lower-level reneging, of economic interests superseding environmental ones. And it is an illustration of Chinas awkward relationship with environmental activists, who challenge the governments authority but are often the loudest force pushing its new environmental priorities on the local level-No one knows this story better than We Oiling. For almost two decades, We a peasant living along the lake,- waged a one-man campaign to clean it up. He kept track Of the thousands of factories springing up along its shores and took pictures of the untreated waste they discharged into the cake. He mailed water samples to inspectors, called TV stations and spoke out in the face of threats from factory bosses and local leaders. [Source: William Wan, Washington Post, October 29, 2010] His actions cost him his job, threatened his marriage and landed him in prison for three years. He returned home this spring to find the lake virtually unchanged. Now, with no job prospects and few friends willing to risk a visit, he spends much of his time alone at home, mulling over what he has sacrificed whether it was worth it, and whether he should continue. [Ibid] To hear Wows story Irishman is to witness the paranoia he now lives in. A short, baby-faced man, We, 42, assumes his cellophane is tapped and prefers meeting strangers in obscure spots outside town. After agreeing to take a reporter to his home, We pulls up his shorts to reveal a two-inch scar on his inner thigh. He said he got it a few weeks ago by the lake when two thugs attacked him with a knife. He points to rounder scars along his arm and his hands cigarette burns, he said, from police interrogations. [Ibid] At first, there were other villagers reporting the pollution, too, said Han Yapping, 60, who was one of them. But everyone gave up under the pressure of authorities. He was the only one left. After Chinese and foreign media picked up his Story, We became a national hero and by 2005 was being praised by Chinese and international organizations. That year, Chinas highest-ranking legislative body, the National Peoples Congress, declared him one of Chinas top 10 environmental activists and flew him to a ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. Lake ATA Activist Harassed, Arrested and Imprisoned Around the time of the algae bloom We Oiling was sentenced to three years n jail on trumped charges. At the time of his arrest he was preparing to go to Beijing with photographs and other documentation of dumping by chemical factories in the lake. We had been particularly outraged by the designation of Hexing, the home of many chemical factories, as a Model City for Environmental Protection. Wows conviction was based on a confession that We said was coerced with torture and five straight days of sleep deprivation. William Wan wrote in Washington Post, All that changed in 2007, when just two years after Beijing lauded him for his work trying to protect the lake We earned that the central government planned to award his city the title of National Model City for Environmental Protection, praising the very local officials We had fought for years. We was furious. He started gathering more evidence, telling friends he planned to sue the central government over the title. Within weeks, he was arrested. [Source: William Wan, Washington post, October 29, 2010] The exact charges changed several times, and most were ultimately dropped. In the end, Wows conviction on two charges of blackmail and fraud relied heavily on his confession, which We says he signed after eyeing hung by the arms for five days and beaten with branches. While he was in prison, authorities put his wife and daughter under 24-hour surveillance. Shortly before Wows release, the guards in front of his house were replaced by three traffic cameras erected on the single-lane road leading to his farmhouse. [Ibid] In the face of this bleak future, We now questions whether he sacrificed everything for nothing. Maybe I should have just focused on making a living, raising my family, he says in his living room, holding his wifes string of carved monkeys. But this is where I live. A man cannot just UN away to Shanghai-La while his home is ruined. Across the room, Wows wife says little. Because We cant find a job, she now works two one at a wool factory and the second, ironically, at a chemical plant on ATA Lake. [Ibid] Improvements at ATA Lake As ATA Lake became a national scandal, hundreds of industrial plants were shut down, local officials were dismissed, and billions of dollars were committed to clean it up. It became part of the new nationwide push to tackle air quality, forest preservation and water pollution. Beijing has earmarked $16 billion to clean up Lake ATA. William Wan wrote in Washington Post, Progress since then, however, has proved elusive. By some standards, the lake has improved. The level of nitrogen and phosphorus ingredients for algae growth have decreased slightly. By others measures, such as overall Water quality, the lake has gotten worse. According to government statistics in July, 85 percent of the lake was put in the worst possible category for water quality, unsuitable for drinking, irrigation or even recreation. [Source: William Wan, Washington Post, October 29, 2010] Meanwhile, plant executives argue they have already done their part by installing new discharge treatment canines. But water quality experts jokingly call the new equipment on/off machines, because they say the machines are only turned on during inspections. But the worst sign of all is the fact that almost every city on the lake has quietly begun finding other sources of drinking water. The projects, which are costly but seldom publicized, indicate that even as local authorities devote billions to repairing the lake, few believe it will recover. The fear is that once these cities no longer depend on the lake for drinking water, the urgency will disappear, said Ma Junk, director of the non-governmental Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs. [Ibid] Efforts to Combat Water Pollution in China Water treatment plant Alarmed by the amount of pollution in its rivers, China begun enacting new environmental regulations and laws and taking more action to clean up its rivers. Beijing is closing polluting factories, building new sewage treatment plants and changing agricultural practices.

The Medieval Joseon Dynasty of Korea

The Medieval Joseon Dynasty of Korea The Joseon Dynasty (1392 to 1910), often spelled Choson or Cho-sen and pronounced Choh-sen, is the name of the last pre-modern dynastic rule in the Korean peninsula, and its politics, cultural practices and architecture reflect an explicitly Confucian flavor. The dynasty was established as a reformation of the hitherto Buddhist traditions as exemplified by the preceding Goryeo dynasty (918 to 1392). According to historical documentation, the Joseon dynastic rulers rejected what had become a corrupt regime, and reconstructed Korean society into the precursors of what is today considered one of most Confucian countries in the world. Confucianism, as practiced by the Joseon rulers, was more than simply a philosophy, it was a major course of cultural influence and an overriding social principle. Confucianism, a political philosophy based on the teachings of the 6th century BC Chinese scholar Confucius, emphasizes the status quo and social order, as a trajectory aimed towards creating a utopian society. Confucius and Social Reformation Joseon kings and their Confucian scholars based much of what they perceived as the ideal state on Confucius stories of the legendary Yao and Shun regimes. This ideal state is perhaps best represented in a scroll painted by An Gyeon, the official court painter to Sejong the Great  (ruled 1418 to 1459). The scroll is titled Mongyudowondo or Dream Journey to the Peach Blossom Land, and it tells of Prince Yi Yongs (1418 to 1453) dream of a secular paradise supported by a simple agricultural life. Son (2013) argues that the painting (and perhaps the princes dream) was likely based in part on the Chinese utopian poem written by the Jin dynasty poet Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian 365 to 427). Dynastic Royal Buildings The first ruler of the Joseon Dynasty was King Taejo, who declared Hanyang (later to be renamed Seoul and today called Old Seoul) as his capital city. The center of Hanyang was his main palace, Gyeongbok, constructed in 1395. Its original foundations were built according to feng shui, and it remained the main residence for the dynastic families for two hundred years. Gyeonbok, along with most of the buildings in the heart of Seoul, was burned down after the Japanese invasion of 1592. Of all the palaces, Changdeok Palace was the least damaged and so was rebuilt shortly after the war ended and then used as the main residential palace for Joseon leaders. In 1865, King Gojong had the entire palace complex rebuilt and established residence and the royal court there in 1868. All of these buildings were damaged when the Japanese invaded in 1910, ending the Joseon Dynasty. Between 1990 and 2009, the Gyeongbok Palace complex was restored and is today open to the public. Funeral Rites of Joseon Dynasty Of the many reformations of the Joseons, one of the highest priority was that of the funeral ceremony. This particular reformation had considerable impacts on 20th-century archaeological investigations of Joseon society. The process resulted in the preservation of a wide variety of clothing, textiles, and papers from the 15th through 19th centuries, not to mention mummified human remains. Funeral rites during the Joseon Dynasty, as described in the Garye books such as the Gukjo-ore-ui, strictly prescribed the construction of tombs for the members of the elite ruling class of Joseon society, beginning in the late 15th century AD. As described by the neo-Confucian Song Dynasty scholar Chu Hsi (1120-1200), first a burial pit was excavated and a mixture of water, lime, sand, and soil were spread on the bottom and the lateral walls. The lime mixture was allowed to harden to a near-concrete consistency. The body of the deceased was placed in at least one and often two wooden coffins, and the entire burial covered with another layer of the lime mixture, also allowed to harden. Finally, an earthen mound was built over the top. This process, known to archaeologists as lime-soil-mixture-barrier (LSMB), creates a concrete-like jacket that preserved virtually intact coffins, grave goods, and human remains, including over a thousand pieces of very well preserved clothing for the entire 500 year period of their use Joseon Astronomy Some recent research on Joseon society has been focused on the astronomical capabilities of the royal court. Astronomy was a borrowed technology, adopted and adapted by the Joseon rulers from a series of different cultures; and the results of these investigations are of interest to the history of science and technology. Joseon astronomical records, studies of sundial construction, and the meaning and mechanics of a  clepsydra made by Jang Yeong-sil in 1438 have all received investigations by archaeoastronomers in the last couple of years. Sources Choi J-D. 2010.  The palace, the city and the past: controversies surrounding the rebuilding of the Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul, 1990–2010.  Planning Perspectives  25(2):193-213.Kim SH, Lee YS, and Lee MS. 2011.  A Study on the Operation Mechanism of Ongnu, the Astronomical Clock in Sejong Era.  Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences  28(1):79-91.Lee E-J, Oh C, Yim S, Park J, Kim Y-S, Shin M, Lee S, and Shin D. 2013.  Collaboration of Archaeologists, Historians and Bioarchaeologists During Removal of Clothing from Korean Mummy of Joseon Dynasty.  International Journal of Historical Archaeology 17(1):94-118.Lee E-J, Shin D, Yang HY, Spigelman M, and Yim S. 2009.  Eung Taes tomb: a Joseon ancestor and the letters of those that loved him.  Antiquity  83(319):145-156.Lee K-W. 2012.  Analysis of Korean astronomical records with Chinese equatorial coordinates.  Astronomische Nachrichten  333(7):648-659.Lee K-W, Ahn YS, and Mihn B-H. 2012.  Verification o f the calendar days of the Joseon Dynasty.  Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society  45:85-91. Lee K-W, Ahn Y-S, and Yang H-J. 2011.  Study on the system of night hours for decoding Korean astronomical records of 1625–1787.  Advances in Space Research  48(3):592-600.Lee K-W, Yang H-J, and Park M-G. 2009.  Orbital elements of comet C/1490 Y1 and the Quadrantid shower.  Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society  400:1389-1393.Lee YS, and Kim SH. 2011.  A Study for the Restoration of the Sundials in King Sejong Era.  Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences  28(2):143-153.Park HY. 2010.  HERITAGE TOURISM: Emotional Journeys into Nationhood.  Annals of Tourism Research  37(1):116-135.Shin DH, Oh CS, Lee SJ, Chai JY, Kim J, Lee SD, Park JB, Choi I-h, Lee HJ, and Seo M. 2011.  Paleo-parasitological study on the soils collected from archaeological sites in old district of Seoul City.  Journal of Archaeological Science  38(12):3555-3559.Shin DH, Oh CS, Shin YM, Cho CW, Ki HC, and Seo M. 2013  The pattern of ancient parasite egg contaminati on in the private residence, alley, ditch and streambed soils of Old Seoul City, the Capital of Joseon Dynasty.  International Journal of Paleopathology  3(3):208-213. Son H. 2013.  Images of the future in South Korea.  Futures  52:1-11.

Clean Water Act by EPA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clean Water Act by EPA - Research Paper Example In United States, nearly all manufacturing companies discharge their wastewater or storm water. Such emissions and discharges are extensively regulated by EPA in collaboration with federal and state authorities through programs of standards and permits under the Clean Water Act (CWA) (Garrett, 2003, p.1). Federal Water Pollution Control Act or Clean Water Act is the primary law that regulates pollution aspects of nation's surface waters. First enacted in 1948, it was modified by 1972 amendments. The 1972 legislation specified programs for water quality improvement. Since its enactment, the law is continuously modified and implemented by industries and municipalities. Congress made amendments in 1977, brushed up some parts in 1981, and expanded the law with further amendments in 1987 (Copeland, 2010, p.1).This paper briefly explores the Clean Water Act initiated by EPA. Background During late 1950s and 1960s, water pollution control programs were based on four laws that modified the 1 948 statute. Primarily, these laws addressed federal assistance to municipal dischargers and federal enforcement programs. Within this time period, federal role and jurisdiction was expanded to navigable interstate and intrastate waters. In 1965, water quality standards were incorporated in the law, requiring states to establish interstate water standards which would be utilized to assess pollution levels and control requirements. By the late 1960s, it was a common perception that not only enforcement procedures were time-consuming but water quality standard approach was also defective. Moreover, there were increasing concerns over the slow progress of pollution cleanup and lacking implementation of increasingly developed technologies. Such perceptions and increasing public interest in environmental protection led to the 1972 amendments. The 1972 statute established new laws rather than building on basic elements of prior laws. The statute established optimistic and promising goals: all municipal and industrial wastewater treatment before the discharge into waterways, better and restructured enforcement, and enhanced federal assistance for municipal treatment plant construction. It also extended the federal role and ensured that individual states fulfill their responsibility for day-to-day implementation of the law (Copeland, 2010, p.2). Prime Objectives The 1972 legislation announced that its prime objective is to restore and sustain the chemical, physical, and biological reliability of the nation's waters. Some other major objectives included zero emission of pollutants by 1985 and, where possible, maintenance of water quality as fishable and swimmable by mid-1983. Despite the fact that these dates have passed, the goals and efforts to achieve them remain (Copeland, 2010, p.2). Overview of the Law Clean Water Act (CWA) forms the basic structure for the regulation of pollutants discharge into waters of the United States and for maintenance of surface waters q uality standards. The basic CWA was implemented in 1948 and called Federal Water Pollution Control Act, but it was widely acknowledged and expanded in 1972. EPA has implemented pollution control programs under Clean Water Act such as establishing water standards for industries and quality standard for all contaminants in surface waters. The CWA has established that any kind of pollutant discharge from a certain source into passable waters is illegal, unless the discharger has a permit. National Pollutant Discharge

Marketing strategy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing strategy - Coursework Example Until the end of 2013, almost 5oo million iPhones were sold. This clearly indicates that people want to use these mobiles, despite the fact that these gadgets are relatively expensive. Moreover, the company preferred to focus on the demands of its various customers, and it offers them with packages that suited their needs. In this regard one can find the company using Kohler’s advice. Philip Kohler is a reference when it comes to marketing; and according to him marketing is about creating genuine customer value, he further elaborates that selling the product does not complete the story, marketing campaigns must be designed in a way where customers become a priority over the services offered or products available(Armstrong, Kotler, Trifts, & Buchwitz, 2014; Hollensen, 2015). Mostly, marketing campaigns are product focused, however, from the point of view of Kohler; it needs to focus on the consumers (Armstrong, Kotler, Trifts, & Buchwitz, 2014). The market of cellular phones is perhaps one of the most rapidly expanding arena, and the competition among mobile brands is severe. It is always hard for the newcomers to come in and make their position. In this regard Apple turned out to be successful; it not only made its place, but also improved its ranking among the mobiles. There was a time when Nokia, Motorola, and etc. dominated the market, but today iPhone is one of the leading brands. Initially the company focused on people who were old customers of Apple, and later on the marketing strategy of the company entered the phase of expansion. Today, there are more iPhone has become one of the most sold brand of